Predictive, Preventive & Personalized Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics

Genomic medicine attempts to build individualized strategies for diagnostic or therapeutic decision-making by utilizing patients’ genomic information. Big Data analytics uncovers hidden patterns, unknown correlations, and other insights through examining large-scale various datasets. While integration and manipulation of diverse genomic data and comprehensive electronic health records (EHRs) on a Big Data infrastructure exhibit challenges, they also provide a feasible opportunity to develop an efficient and effective approach to identify clinically actionable genetic variants for individualized diagnosis and therapy. In this paper, we review the challenges of manipulating large-scale next-generation sequencing (NGS) data and diverse clinical data derived from the EHRs for genomic medicine. We introduce possible solutions for different challenges in manipulating, managing, and analyzing genomic and clinical data to implement genomic medicine.

In personalized medicine  biomarkers and  biological marker  generally refers to a measurable indicator  of some biological state or condition. This word  refer to a substance the presence of which indicates the existence of a living organism. Biochemical biomarkers are often used in clinical trials, Biomarkers used for personalized medicine are typically categorized as either prognostic or predictive .In  , a biomarkers is a molecule that allows the detection and isolation of a particular cell type .  A biomarker indicates a change in  state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease . Biomarkers are useful in a number of ways, including measuring the progress of disease. Biomarkers also used in  early diagnosis, disease prevention, drug target identification, drug response etc.

Personalized Medicine is a developing routine of medication that uses an individual's hereditary profile to guide choices made with respect to the counteractive action, determination, and treatment of ailment. Information of a patient's hereditary profile can offer specialists some assistance with selecting the best possible prescription or treatment and manage it utilizing the correct measurement or regimen. Utilized for the treatment as Personalized growth solution, Diabetes-related sickness: hazard appraisal and administration, Personalized pharmaceutical: New procedures and monetary ramifications, Implications of customized prescription in treatment of HIV, Applications of customized drug in uncommon illnesses, Translational Medicine.

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines.

Biological therapy refers to the use of medication , specifically target an immune or genetic mediator of disease. Even for diseases of unknown cause of  molecules that are involved in the disease process have been identified, and can be targeted for biological therapy. which are mainly cytokines , are directly involved in the immune system .Biological therapy used for the management of cancer , autoimmune disease, and diseases of unknown cause that result in symptoms due to immune related mechanisms.

Personalized Medicine in Oncology is assigned to informing, educating, and fostering the exchange of clinically relevant information regarding the discovery and application of new Drug regimens, Molecular biomarkers, Cancer genomics, Molecular cancer  and Diagnostics in solid tumours and hematologic malignancies, as well as their impact on oncology care for patients. Over recent decades Cancer research has discovered a great and personalized medicine to cancer research and treatment

Genetic disorders may or may not be heritable from the parents genes. In non-heritable genetic disorders, defects may be caused by new mutations  and changes to the DNA. In such cases, the defect will only be heritable if it occurs in the germ line .Such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people by new mutations in other people, and mainly by environmental causes in other people. Whether, when and to what extent a person with the genetic defect abnormality will actually suffer from the disease is almost always affected by the environmental factors and events in the persons development.

The focus of Preventive Medicine and Public Health is health of individuals, communities, and defined populations. To, maintain health and protect, promote and to prevent disease, death and disability. The result of Public health surveillance is the identification and prioritization of public health issues the world is facing today, including HIV/AIDS, antibiotic resistance, diabetes, zoonotic diseases, and waterborne diseases. Preventive Medicine and Public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services.

The proteome is the entire set of proteins it is expressed by genome , cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time. More specifically, it is a combined of proteins and genomes . Proteomics is the study of the proteome. A cellular  proteome is the collection of proteins present in a particular cell type and it exposure to harmone stimulation . It can also be useful to consider an organisms complete proteome, which can be conceptualized as the complete set of proteins from all of the various cellular proteomes. Proteome used to refer to the collection of proteins in certain sub-cellular biological systems .

Pharmacogenomics is the study of  the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response, drug absorption distribution, metabolism, and elimination ,as well as drug receptor target effects . Pharmacogenomics isoften used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics is used for the detection of   the individual genetic variation with drug responses pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.